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Q: Why
do young people use marijuana?
A: Children and young teens
start using marijuana for many reasons. Curiosity and the desire to fit into
a social group are common reasons. Certainly, youngsters who have already
begun to smoke cigarettes and/or use alcohol are at high risk for marijuana
use. Also, our research suggests
that the use of alcohol and drugs by other family members plays a strong role
in whether children start using drugs. Parents, grandparents, and older brothers
and sisters in the home are models for children to follow. Some young people who take
drugs do not get along with their parents. Some have a network of friends
who use drugs and urge them to do the same (peer pressure). All aspects of
a child's environment - home, school, neighborhood - help to determine whether
the child will try drugs. Children who become more
heavily involved with marijuana can become dependent, and that is their prime
reason for using the drug. Others mention psychological coping as a reason
for their use - to deal with anxiety, anger, depression, boredom, and so forth.
But marijuana use is not an effective method for coping with life's problems,
and staying high can be a way of simply not dealing with the problems and
challenges of growing up. Researchers have found that children and teens (both male and female) who are physically and sexually abused are at greater risk than other young people of using marijuana and other drugs and of beginning drug use at an early age.(7) Q: Does using marijuana lead
to other drugs?
A: Long-term studies of
high school students and their patterns of drug use show that very few young
people use other drugs without first trying marijuana. The risk of using cocaine
has been estimated to be more than 104 times greater for those who have tried
marijuana than for those who have never tried it.(9) Although there are no definitive
studies on the factors associated with the movement from marijuana use to
use of other drugs, growing evidence shows that a combination of biological,
social, and psychological factors are involved. Marijuana affects the brain
in some of the same ways that other drugs do. Researchers are examining the
possibility that long-term marijuana use may create changes in the brain that
make a person more at risk of becoming addicted to other drugs, such as alcohol
or cocaine.(16) While not all young people who use
marijuana go on to use other drugs, further research is needed to determine
who will be at greatest risk. Q:What
are the effects of marijuana?
A: The
effects of marijuana on each person depend on the
Some people feel nothing
at all when they first try marijuana. Others may feel high (intoxicated
and/or euphoric). It's common for marijuana
users to become engrossed with ordinary sights, sounds, or tastes, and trivial
events may seem extremely interesting or funny. Time seems to pass very slowly,
so minutes feel like hours. Sometimes the drug causes users to feel thirsty
and very hungry-an effect called "the munchies." Q: What
happens after a person smokes marijuana?
A: Within a few minutes
of inhaling marijuana smoke, the user will likely feel, along with intoxication,
a dry mouth, rapid heartbeat, some loss of coordination and poor sense of
balance, and slower reaction time. Blood vessels in the eye expand, so the
user's eyes look red. For some people, marijuana
raises blood pressure slightly and can double the normal heart rate. This
effect can be greater when other drugs are mixed with marijuana; but users
do not always know when that happens. As the immediate effects
fade, usually after 2 to 3 hours, the user may become sleepy. Q: How
long does marijuana stay in the user's body?
A: THC in marijuana is
readily absorbed by fatty tissues in various organs. Generally, traces (metabolites)
of THC can be detected by standard urine testing methods several days after
a smoking session. However, in heavy, chronic users, traces can sometimes
be detected for weeks after they have stopped using marijuana. Q: Can
a user have a bad reaction?
A: Yes. Some users, especially
someone new to the drug or in a strange setting, may suffer acute anxiety
and have paranoid thoughts. This is more likely to happen with high doses
of THC. These scary feelings will fade as the drug's effects wear off. In rare cases, a user who
has taken a very high dose of the drug can have severe psychotic symptoms
and need emergency medical treatment. Other kinds of bad reactions
can occur when marijuana is mixed with other drugs, such as PCP or cocaine.
Q: How is marijuana harmful?
A: Marijuana can be harmful
in a number of ways, through both immediate effects and damage to health over
time. Marijuana hinders the user's
short-term memory (memory for recent events), and he or she may have trouble
handling complex tasks. With the use of more potent varieties of marijuana,
even simple tasks can be difficult. Because of the drug's effects
on perceptions and reaction time, users could be involved in auto crashes.
Drug users also may become involved in risky sexual behavior. There is a strong
link between drug use and unsafe sex and the spread of HIV, the virus that
causes AIDS. Under the influence of
marijuana, students may find it hard to study and learn.(14) Young athletes could find their performance
is off; timing, movements, and coordination are all affected by THC. Some of the more long-range effects
of marijuana use are described later in this document. Q: How
does marijuana affect driving?
A: Marijuana affects many
skills required for safe driving: alertness, the ability to concentrate, coordination,
and reaction time. These effects can last up to 24 hours after smoking marijuana.
Marijuana use can make it difficult to judge distances and react to signals
and sounds on the road. There are data showing
that marijuana can play a role in crashes. When users combine marijuana with
alcohol, as they often do, the hazards of driving can be more severe than
with either drug alone. A study of patients in
a shock-trauma unit who had been in traffic accidents revealed that 15 percent
of those who had been driving a car or motorcycle had been smoking marijuana,
and another 17 percent had both THC and alcohol in their blood. (17) In one study conducted
in Memphis, TN, researchers found that, of 150 reckless drivers who were tested
for drugs at the arrest scene, 33 percent tested positive for marijuana, and
12 percent tested positive for both marijuana and cocaine.(2) Data also show that while smoking
marijuana, people show the same lack of coordination on standard "drunk driver"
tests as do people who have had too much to drink.(11) Q: What
are the long-term effects of marijuana?
A: While all of the long-term
effects of marijuana use are not yet known, there are studies showing serious
health concerns. For example, a group of scientists in California examined
the health status of 450 daily smokers of marijuana but not tobacco. They
found that the marijuana smokers had more sick days and more doctor visits
for respiratory problems and other types of illness than did a similar group
who did not smoke either substance.(13) Findings so far show that
the regular use of marijuana or THC may play a role in cancer and problems
in the respiratory, immune, and reproductive systems. Cancer Tobacco smoke and marijuana
smoke may work together to change the tissues lining the respiratory tract.
Marijuana smoking could contribute to early development of head and neck cancer
in some people. Immune system Lungs and airways Q: What
about pregnancy: Will smoking marijuana hurt the baby?
A: Doctors advise pregnant
women not to use any drugs because they might harm the growing fetus. One
animal study has linked marijuana use to loss of the fetus very early in pregnancy.
Some scientific studies
have found that babies born to marijuana users were shorter, weighed less,
and had smaller head sizes than those born to mothers who did not use the
drug. Smaller babies are more likely to develop health problems. Other scientists
have found effects of marijuana that resemble the features of fetal alcohol
syndrome. There are also research findings that show nervous system problems
in children of mothers who smoked marijuana.(3) Researchers are not certain
whether a newborn baby's health problems, if they are caused by marijuana,
will continue as the child grows. Preliminary research shows that children
born to mothers who used marijuana regularly during pregnancy may have trouble
concentrating. Q: What happens if
a nursing mother uses marijuana?
A: When a nursing mother
uses marijuana, some of the THC is passed to the baby in her breast milk.
This is a matter for concern, since the THC in the mother's milk is much more
concentrated than that in the mother's blood. One study has shown that the
use of marijuana by a mother during the first month of breastfeeding can impair
the infant's motor development (control of muscle movement).(15) Q: How
does marijuana affect the brain?
A: THC affects the nerve
cells in the part of the brain where memories are formed. This makes it hard
for the user to recall recent events (such as what happened a few minutes
ago). It is hard to learn while high - a working short-term memory is required
for learning and performing tasks that call for more than one or two steps.
Among a group of long-time heavy marijuana users in Costa Rica, researchers found that the people had great trouble when asked to recall a short list of words (a standard test of memory). People in that study group also found it very hard to focus their attention on the tests given to them.(5) Smoking marijuana causes
some changes in the brain that are like those caused by cocaine, heroin, and
alcohol. Some researchers believe that these changes may put a person more
at risk of becoming addicted to other drugs, such as cocaine or heroin.(16) It may be that marijuana
kills brain cells. In laboratory research, scientists found that high doses
of THC given to young rats caused a loss of brain cells such as that seen
with aging. At 11 or 12 months of age (about half their normal life span),
the rats' brains looked like those of animals in old age. It is not known
whether a similar effect occurs in humans.(10) Researchers are still learning
about the many ways that marijuana could affect the brain. Q: Can
the drug cause mental illness?
A: Scientists do not yet
know how the use of marijuana relates to mental illness. Some researchers
in Sweden report that regular, long-term intake of THC (from cannabis) can
increase the risk of developing certain mental diseases, such as schizophrenia.
(1) Still others maintain that
regular marijuana use can lead to chronic anxiety, personality disturbances,
and depression. Q: Do
marijuana users lose their motivation?
A: Some frequent, long-term
marijuana users show signs of a lack of motivation (amotivational syndrome).
Their problems include not caring about what happens in their lives, no desire
to work regularly, fatigue, and a lack of concern about how they look. As
a result of these symptoms, some users tend to perform poorly in school or
at work. Scientists are still studying these problems. Q: Can
a person become addicted to marijuana?
A: Yes. While not everyone
who uses marijuana becomes addicted, when a user begins to seek out and take
the drug compulsively, that person is said to be dependent on the drug or
addicted to it. In 1995, 165,000 people entering drug treatment programs reported
marijuana as their primary drug of abuse, showing they needed help to stop
using.(12) Some heavy users of marijuana
show signs of dependence because when they do not use the drug, they develop
withdrawal symptoms. Some subjects in an experiment on marijuana withdrawal
had symptoms, such as restlessness, loss of appetite, trouble with sleeping,
weight loss, and shaky hands. According to one study, marijuana use by teenagers who have prior serious antisocial problems can quickly lead to dependence on the drug. That study also found that, for troubled teenagers using tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, progression from their first use of marijuana to regular use was about as rapid as their progression to regular tobacco use, and more rapid than the progression to regular use of alcohol.(4) Q: What is "tolerance" for marijuana?
A: "Tolerance" means that
the user needs increasingly larger doses of the drug to get the same desired
results that he or she previously got from smaller amounts. Some frequent,
heavy users of marijuana may develop tolerance for it. Q: Are
there treatments to help marijuana users?
A: Up until a few years
ago, it was hard to find treatment programs specifically for marijuana users.
Treatments for marijuana dependence were much the same as therapies for other
drug abuse problems. These include detoxification, behavioral therapies, and
regular attendance at meetings of support groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous.
Recently, researchers have
been testing different ways to attract marijuana users to treatment and help
them abstain from drug use. There are currently no medications for treating
marijuana dependence. Treatment programs focus on counseling and group support
systems. From these studies, drug treatment professionals are learning what
characteristics of users are predictors of success in treatment and which
approaches to treatment can be most helpful. Further progress in treatment
to help marijuana users includes a number of programs set up to help adolescents
in particular. Some of these programs are in university research centers,
where most of the young clients report marijuana as their drug of choice.
Others are in independent adolescent treatment facilities. Family physicians
are also a good source for information and help in dealing with adolescents'
marijuana problems. Q: Can
marijuana be used as medicine?
A: There has been much
debate in the media about the possible medical use of marijuana. Under U.S.
law since 1970, marijuana has been a Schedule I controlled substance. This
means that the drug, at least in its smoked form, has no commonly accepted
medical use. In considering possible
medical uses of marijuana, it is important to distinguish between whole marijuana
and pure THC or other specific chemicals derived from cannabis. Whole marijuana
contains hundreds of chemicals, some of which are clearly harmful to health.
THC, manufactured into
a pill that is taken by mouth, not smoked, can be used for treating the nausea
and vomiting that go along with certain cancer treatments and is available
by prescription. Another chemical related to THC (nabilone) has also been
approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating cancer patients
who suffer nausea. The oral THC is also used to help AIDS patients eat more
to keep up their weight. Scientists are studying
whether marijuana, THC, and related chemicals in marijuana (called cannabinoids)
may have other medical uses. According to scientists, more research needs
to be done on marijuana's side effects and potential benefits before it can
be recommended for medical use. Q: How
can I prevent my child from getting involved with marijuana?
A: There is no magic bullet
for preventing teenage drug use. But parents can be influential by talking
to their children about the dangers of using marijuana and other drugs, and
remain actively engaged in their children's lives. Even after teenage children
enter high school, parents can stay involved in schoolwork, recreation, and
social activities with their children's friends. Research shows that appropriate
parental monitoring can reduce future drug use, even among those adolescents
who may be prone to marijuana use, such as those who are rebellious, cannot
control their emotions, and experience internal distress. To address the issue
of drug abuse in your area, it is important to get involved in drug abuse
prevention programs in your community or your child's school. Find out what
prevention programs you and your children can participate in together. Talking
to your children about marijuana
As this booklet has shown,
marijuana is clearly a dangerous drug which poses a particular threat to the
health and well-being of children and adolescents at a critical point in their
lives - when they are growing, learning, maturing, and laying the foundation
for their adult years. As a parent, your children look to you for help and
guidance in working out problems and in making decisions, including the decision
not to use drugs. As a role model, your decision to not use marijuana and
other illegal drugs will reinforce your message to your children. There are numerous resources,
many right in your own community, where you can obtain information so that
you can talk to your children about drugs. To find these resources, you can
consult your local library, school, or community service organization. The National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
(NCADI) offers
an extensive collection of publications, videotapes, and educational materials
to help parents talk to their children about drug use. For more information
on marijuana and other drugs, contact: National Clearinghouse
on Alcohol and Drug Information, Resources
Center
for Substance Abuse Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Keeping Youth Drug Free: A Guide for Parents, Grandparents, Elders, Mentors,
and Others Caregivers. NCADI Stock No. PHD711, 1996. Harrison,
P.A.; Fullerson, J.A.; and Beebe, T.J. Multiple substance use among adolescent
physical and sexual abuse victims. Child Abuse and Neglect 21(6):529-539,
1997. Hermes,
W.J., and Galperin, A. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs: Marijuana,
Its Effects on Mind and Body. Chelsea House Publishers, 1992. National
Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana: Facts Parents Need to Know. NIH
Publication No. 95-4036, 1995. National
Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana: Facts for Teens. NIH Publication No. 95-4037,
1995. National
Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana: What Can Parents Do?, Videotape.
NCADI Stock No. VHS82, 1995, cost $12.50. National
Institute on Drug Abuse. Preventing Drug Use Among Children and Adolescents:
A Research-Based Guide. NIH Publication No. 97-5212,
March 1997. Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Sciences.
Preliminary Results From the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
DHHS No. (SMA) 97-3149. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, July 1997. Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Sciences.
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse Main Findings 1996. DHHS No.
(SMA) 98-3200. Rockville, MD:SAMHSA, April 1998. U.S. Department
of Education. Growing Up Drug Free: A Parent's Guide to Prevention,
Washington, D.C.: NCADI Publication No. PHD533, 1993. (Note: This item
is out of stock but can be viewed on the NCADI Web site at http://www.health.org.) University
of Michigan. News and Information Services. Drug use among American teens
shows signs of leveling after a long rise. December 18, 1997.
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